Parenting Skills Essay

Audit Questions 1. What are the contrasts between being a natural parent, a new parent, and a temporary parent? A natural parent are your genuine blood guardians, a new parent is your parent till you’re 18, and an encourage home essentially is some place to remain and home family till you get embraced not so much a lasting circumstance. 2. What monetary needs are guardians committed to give and which are discretionary? Up to the age of 18 (except if they move out previously) Then garments, school, food, spot to live ,service bills and so on, a few children have exercises which would be given by giving pocket cash, instructive toys and books, toiletries. Christmas presents are discretionary however spread fun toys and so forth after 18 I would trust she will have work and can contribute towards bills and so forth 3. What different needs may a kid have that a parent is relied upon to give? Toys for them to play with, adoration, backing, food and a protected spot to experience childhood in. 4. W hat are the characteristics of a supporting guardian? A sustaining guardian could never abandon their kid and go toss everything with them. Would do anything for them even in the most noticeably terrible circumstance. Basic Thinking Questions 1. What characteristics make an individual a decent parent? A terrible parent? A decent parent would be there for their kid and do whats best for them. A terrible parent wouldn’t show any affection or care. 2. Which parental duties do you think would be the most testing? Why? I think giving up over your kid and releasing them off all alone, in light of the fact that you will think they’re undependable or OK without you. 3. Which parental duties do you think would be the most intriguing to you? Why? I surmise getting them their first pet. I love creatures and when I do have messes with one day I couldn't want anything more than to show them how to deal with the pet. 4. What are a few things that individuals can do to get ready for parenthood? Nothing, since you wont realize what's in store until it occurs.

Foreign Language Essay :: Foreign Languages Essays

Unknown dialect Essay Innehã ¥llsfã ¶rteckning Innehã ¥llsfã ¶rteckningâ â â â â â â â â â 2 Inledningâ â â â â â â â â â 3 Sammanfattningâ â â â â â â â â â 4 Allmã ¤ntâ â â â â â â â â â 5 Japans industriellaâ â â â â â â â â â 6 struktur Faktorer som bidragitâ â â â â 11 till Japans framgã ¥ngar Jã ¤mfã ¶relse mellanâ â â â â â â â â â 14 Sverige och Japan Kã ¤llfã ¶rteckningâ â â â â â â â â â 18 Bilagaâ â â â â â â â â â 19 Inledning Sverige à ¤r nu I en djup lã ¥gkonjunktur, prescription massor av sparpaket. Dã ¤rfã ¶r tyckte jag att det skulle vara intressant att titta pã ¥ just en av vã ¤rldens stã ¶rsta och starkaste marknadsekoâ ­nomier och se vad som skiljer lair quip Sverige. Jag valde inte USA utan Japan som kommer light I skymundan saying cave stora jã ¤tten I Vã ¤st. Jag kommer att ta upp light om fã ¶retagsstruktur d v s om de à ¤r konglomerat eller ej, stort eller litet o s v. Vehicle tã ¤nkte jag ta upp light om instã ¤llningen till arbete hos japanerna, d v s hur deras traâ ­ditioner à ¤r I fã ¶rhã ¥llande till arbetet. Pã ¥ det hã ¤r sã ¤ttet tã ¤nkte jag pã ¥visa vad som gã ¶r Japan till en relaâ ­tivt strong ekonomi. Jag vill ocksã ¥ visa vad som gjort att Japan har haft sã ¥ otroliga framgã ¥ngar speciellt efter andra vã ¤rldskriget. Sammanfattning Japan à ¤r ett relativt litet land, men à ¤ndã ¥ har det utvecklat en vã ¤lâ ­digt unmistakable ekonomi. Bristen pã ¥ tillgã ¥ngar och det isolerade lã ¤get har lett till att japanerna mã ¥ste ha en effektiv handel à ¶ver grã ¤nâ ­serna. Japan har ett vã ¤lutvecklat industridepartement som samarbetar dagligen prescription industrin och fungerar som ett samordnings-och rã ¥dgivningsorgan. De stora industrigrupperna stã ¥r fã ¶r hã ¤lften av Japans fã ¶rã ¤dlingsâ ­vã ¤rde, men bara ca 1/5 av sysselsã ¤ttningen. Detta beror frã ¤mst pã ¥ att industrigrupperna tillã ¤mpar livstidsanstã ¤llning och senioriâ ­tetsâ ­systemet vilka à ¤r mycket kostsamma, men ger mã ¥nga fã ¶rdelar bl an effektiva arbetare. Industrigrupperna samarbetar prescription smã ¥-och medelstora fã ¶retag, de hjã ¤lper dem medications bl a finansiering och rã ¥dâ ­givning. I gengã ¤ld arbetar de mindre fã ¶retagen lojalt fã ¶r de stora och blir som ett slags sã ¤kerhetsomrã ¥de fã ¶r dem. De flesta japanerna sparar fã ¶r en oviss framtid, dã ¤rfã ¶r att de ej har nã ¥gon speciell social trygghet genom staten, endast en folkâ ­pension pã ¥ ca 3816 kr/mã ¥nad. Genom detta sparande blir banâ ­kerna enormt kapitalstarka och dã ¤rfã ¶r à ¤r just de 4 stã ¶rsta bankerâ ­na I vã ¤rlden jaâ ­panska. Det genomsnittliga sparkapitalet fã ¶r en japansk familj à ¤r ca 354 000 kr. Deras marginalskatt à ¤r endast ca 10% vilket motiâ ­verar à ¶vertidsarbete och mer sparande, dã ¤rfã ¶r arbetar japanerna ca 6 h mer à ¤n t ex europã ©er. Det finns mã ¥nga faktorer som har bidragit till Japans framgã ¥ngar framfã ¶r allt efter andra vã ¤rldskriget bl a sanctum stabila stã ¤llningen inâ ­ternationellt, nook effektiva inrikespolitiken, nã ¤ringssystemet, styrâ ­ningen av fã ¶retagen och de effektiva arbetarna. Jã ¤mfã ¶r man Sverige och Japan sã ¥ à ¤r det, det light stã ¶rre landet medications 8 miljoner inv. witticism det lilla landet prescription en enorm befolkning pã ¥ 125 miljoner.

2013 Tournament of Books Discussion BILLY LYNNs LONG HALF-TIME WALK by Ben Fountain

2013 Tournament of Books Discussion BILLY LYNNs LONG HALF-TIME WALK by Ben Fountain We here at Book Riot are huge  Tournament of Books fans, so this year were going to discuss each of the finalists in the weeks before the Tournament gets underway, in alphabetical order. You can find the  schedule of our discussions here. Read along with us!   Today, Kit Steinkellner and Nicole Perrin discuss Billy Lynns Long Halftime Walk by Ben Fountain. ____________________________ When I first started reading Billy Lynn’s Long Halftime Walk, I couldn’t figure out where I had heard the author Ben Fountain’s name before. A quick Google search later and I had it. Fountain was the hero of the opening anecdote of Malcolm Gladwell’s 2008 New Yorker essay “Late Bloomers.” In the piece, Gladwell details Fountain’s story, an associate at a real estate practice who quit his job to spend the bulk of the next 18 years sitting at his kitchen table working on short stories that would eventually form his sensationally-reviewed 2006 collection of short stories Brief Encounters With Che Guevara. Billy Lynn’s Long Halftime Walk , a novel detailing one day in the life of Specialist Billy Lynn on the last day of a media-intensive tour with his universally-acknowledged to be national heroes Bravo Squad, was published this spring to over-the-moon reviews. It ended up being a National Book Award Finalist. On my blog Books are my Boyfriends, my summation of the book was “ if this novel isn’t shortlisted for a Pulitzer I will punch myself in the face and put it on YouTube.” I still stand behind that statement. If I’m going to be completely transparent, I think the novel has a better shot at winning the Pulitzer than it does at winning the Tournament of Books. If I were a competing book I would not want to tango with fan favorites Gone Girl and The Fault in Our Stars. Plus. Billy Lynn also has the handicap of having to play in against two other modern war novels, Fobbit (by Book Riot’s own David Abrams!) and Kevin Johnson’s The Yellow Birds. I’ve not read either, though both are on my TBR list. Below, fellow Rioter Nicole and I discuss. ____________________________ KS: So what do you think about Billy Lynn having to earn its place in the tournament by competing in a war-novel play-in? (We all know Jeff O’Neal is not a fan of the “war novel ghetto,”) and honestly, I think it seems like this was the play-in idea the gamemakers had one or two ideas before they were going to have the REALLY GOOD play-in idea. NP: I think it’s intriguing but ultimately unfair. The three war novels chosen, Billy Lynn, Fobbit, and The Yellow Birds, spent much of last year being compared to one another, which makes sense. I myself plan to do a series on my blog discussing the three of them, once I’ve read The Yellow Birds. One of the questions everyone has been asking and attempting to answer is how far down the road we are to creating a real “post-9/11 literature,” and a narrative of the post-9/11 wars. It makes sense to look at war novels as a group to answer that question, but limiting their presence in the wider culture of books to a single “war-novel slot” seems to do the opposite. Further, it divorces those wars from the rest of the culture, when part of the whole question these books ask is how they fit into the rest of the culture. So I think the comparison is a worthwhile exercise in its own right, but to shoehorn it into a larger tournament falls somewhere between “contrived” and “ discriminatory” for me. Since you’re a big fan of Billy Lynn but haven’t read either of the other books in the mini-category, what would you say is Billy Lynn’s biggest flaw, and what are your thoughts about how it contributes to a cultural narrative about the war? KS: Well I know it would be cheating to say I think the biggest flaw was that the book was “too short,” and I am no cheater! I think that the third-person voice of the novel is electric and shocking, no qualms there, but in the dialogue the soldiers voices tended to bleed together (I know there’s some authorial intent there, indicating the dominance of group-think, but still) and every once in awhile the skewering of Texans felt like cheap shots. As far as how it contributes to our cultural narrative of war, I deeply appreciate that this is a war novel that takes place at home. The most hilarious and horrifying insights in the novel come from how Billy and his squad are received during their heroes’ tour, by everyone from family members to Hollywood execs to Dallas Cowboys cheerleaders. Reactions vary, but there is an unnerving undercurrent running through all their encounters with civilians: no one REALLY knows how to deal with these boys. Home no longer feels like home. Bravo Squad is the only place where these young men feel safe. And Bravo Squad is going back to Iraq at the end of the novel. The questions this novel raises regarding where young military people belong once they’ve experienced the arena of war, are so weighty and complicated and so worthy of fiction. What about you, Nicole? Biggest strength of the novel and biggest flaw? How do YOU feel it contributes to the war narrative? And if you were a gambling man, what kind of odds would you place on Billy Lynn in the Tournament? NP: Your last question is the hardest one, since we don’t yet know how the pre-game aspect of the tournament will really work. I think it has a solid shot of making it into the main round, but I think the field of war novels is going to be close. My bet is that Billy Lynn will win because it is, as you point out, a war novel that takes place at home. I think the novel’s biggest strength is in its absurdity and overall gonzo-ness. The Bravos don’t just star in any halftime show, they star in a Dallas Cowboys halftime show. And not just any Cowboys game, but the Thanksgiving Day game. Billy doesn’t find just any girl to connect and make out with, but a Cowboys cheerleader. And of course, they’re not just any group of soldiers, but one with a serious possibility of having a movie made about them. And that deal hangs precariously not just for all the usual reasons a movie deal might, but also because they’re about to get sent back into a war zone where they might die before they can sign on the dotted line. But that “no one REALLY knows how to deal with these boys” was a major weakness for me. Billy certainly feels that way, and he rejects the poor attempts at a connection with him from everyone he meets. But Billy, of course, isn’t writing the novel; Ben Fountain is. I read this as a civilian basically saying that no civilian can ever hope to have a connection with the soldiers they employbut a civilian puts himself in a soldier’s shoes to make that point. I think that many Americans do feel that way. Many people are certainly aware of the small segment of the population that makes up the military, and feel culturally divorced from that side of the country. “We,” in some sense, seem to be afraid that we can’t understand these men and women, no matter how hard we try, and Billy Lynn confirms and reaffirms the separateness of civilian from soldier. I wasn’t completely satisfied with how Billy resolved this for himself at the end of the novel, so it remains a weak point fo r me. What do you think about Billy’s voice? Do you think it comes across as unrealistically introspective and articulate (he is a young guy, after all), or did you buy that these were his thoughts, and not those of a novelist writing about a young soldier? KS: What I liked so much about Billy’s voice was that he was clearly an unusually perceptive young man, but didn’t have the liberal-arts-graduate-speak to communicate his ideas, so the result ended up feeling like a fractured self-awareness (as opposed to a witty, bantery, and ultimately irritating self-awareness.) I really like him as a character who feels like he could be book smart if only someone was making him do his required reading, I thought that was an original, honest, and ultimately heartbreaking choice. Sign up to Unusual Suspects to receive news and recommendations for mystery/thriller readers. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

Avoid These Common Mistakes While Learning Spanish

You want to learn Spanish but still sound like you know what youre doing? If so, here are 10 mistakes you can avoid in your studies: 10. Being Afraid To Make Mistakes The truth is that nobody learns a foreign language without making mistakes along the way, and thats true even with our native language. The good news is that wherever you go in the Spanish-speaking world, your sincere attempts to learn the language will almost always be appreciated, even when your grammar is inadequate and your vocabulary is less than complete. And if someone corrects one of your mistakes, take that as an opportunity to learn rather than being offended. 9. Assuming That the Textbook Knows Best Even educated people dont always talk according to the rules. Although Spanish according to the rules will almost always be understood, it can lack the texture and sincerity of Spanish as it really is spoken. Once you feel comfortable using the language, feel free to imitate the Spanish you hear in real life and ignore what your textbook (or this site) tells you. Just be aware that you may learn words on the street that may be offensive when talking in more formal situations or with people outside your peer group. 8. Ignoring Proper Pronunciation Spanish pronunciation isnt all that difficult to learn, and you should make an effort to imitate native speakers whenever possible. The most common mistakes of beginners include making the l of fà ºtbol sound like the ll in football, making the b and v sound different from each other (the sounds are identical in Spanish), and failing to trill the r. 7. Not Learning the Subjunctive Mood In English, we seldom make a distinction when verbs are in the subjunctive mood, a type of verb form usually used when not making factual statements. But the subjunctive cant be avoided in Spanish if you wish to do more than state simple facts and ask simple questions. You will be understood if you stick to the indicative mood, the one first learned by Spanish students, but youll sound like you dont care about getting verbs right. 6. Not Learning When To Use Articles Foreigners learning English often have a hard time knowing when to use or not use a, an and the, and its similar for English speakers trying to learn Spanish, where the definite articles (el, la, los, and las) and indefinite articles (un, una, unos, and unas) can be confusing and the rules often unclear. Using articles incorrectly usually wont keep you from being understood, but even when writing it will mark you as a foreigner. 5. Translating Idioms Word for Word Both Spanish and English have their share of idioms, phrases whose meanings cannot readily be determined from the meanings of the individual words. Some idioms translate exactly (for example, bajo control means under control), but many dont. For example, en el acto is an idiom meaning on the spot rather than in the act, and en efectivo means in cash rather than in effect. 4. Always Following English Word Order You can usually follow English sentence order (except for putting most adjectives after the nouns they modify) and be understood. But as youre learning the language, pay attention to the many times where the subject is placed after the verb. Changing the word order can sometimes subtly change the meaning of a sentence, and your use of the language can be enriched as you learn different word orders. Also, some English constructions, such as placing a preposition at the end of a sentence, should not be imitated in Spanish. 3. Not Learning How To Use Prepositions Prepositions can be notoriously challenging. It can be helpful to think about the purpose of the prepositions as you learn them, rather than their translations. This will help you avoid mistakes such as using pienso acerca de ti (Im thinking near you) instead of pienso en ti for Im thinking about you.. 2. Using Pronouns Unnecessarily With very few exceptions, English sentences require a subject. But in Spanish, that frequently isnt true. Where it would be understood by the context, pronoun subjects such as she, we, and it can and usually should be omitted in translation to Spanish. It usually isnt grammatically incorrect to include the pronoun, but doing so can sound clunky or give it unnecessary attention. 1. Assuming That Spanish Words That Look Like English Words Mean the Same Thing Words that have the same or similar form in both languages are known as cognates. Since Spanish and English share a large vocabulary derived from Latin, more often than not words that are alike in both languages have similar meanings. But there are plenty of exceptions, known as false friends. Youll find, for example, that embarazada usually means pregnant rather than embarrassed, and that an actual event is one that is happening now rather than one that is really happening.

Renaissance Literature - Romeo and Juliet - 1835 Words

Renaissance Essay In what ways is ‘the other’ explored in two of the plays studied in Semester 1? Shakespeare’s plays have always had a hard-hitting effect on their audiences as they are often used as a vehicle to explore fears or concerns of the time. In the two tragic plays, ‘Romeo and Juliet’ and ‘Anthony and Cleopatra’, Shakespeare uses mythology, issues of power and sexuality and in particular concentrates on the concept of ‘the other’. In this use of the term ‘the other’ we are referring to foreign elements, people or objects not from or associated with mainstream society, and in the context of the essay, the mainstream society of England in Shakespeare’s era. ‘Romeo and Juliet is set in Verona, so some of its cultural details†¦show more content†¦The frightening concept of exile would heighten the dramatic effect of the play for its audience. Apart from Romeo and Juliet, who have viewed each other as individuals and have rejected following their families beliefs, the Montagues ands Capulets have a prejudice towards each other, viewing the opposing house as ‘the other’. This results in tension and violence, spurned by a fear of the unknown as they fail to identify people as individuals and live by stereotypes of past conflicts, which in turn leads to the death of the plays protagonists. Morals to the story? Get to know people – romeo and Juliet wer unaware that they wer from rival houses It’s important to consider that in Shakespeare’s day ‘Italy was exotic, or ‘other’ (Romeo and Juliet Handout pg. 2) enabling him to write a play with more colourful and vibrant characters with a more extravagant plot and still maintain a sense of realism as the popular belief of Italy was that it was ‘a place of poetry, romance and sophistication; but also of violent passions, deadly feuds, treachery and sensational events’ (Romeo and Juliet Handout pg.2). The fact that Italy was regarded in this way enabled to plain to retain a sense of realism, as having these ‘sensational’ events unfold in England would be hard for the audience to accept, due to the mundane Puritan ideology associated with England in the era. ‘The other’ is an ideology that has been used in both ‘Romeo and Juliet’ and ‘Antony and Cleopatra’ to portrayShow MoreRelatedSocial Classes Romeo And Juliet1562 Words   |  7 PagesMs. Groff World Literature 3 March, 2016 Social Classes Romeo and Juliet George Edward Woodberry once said, â€Å"Shakespeare is, essentially, the emanation of the Renaissance. The overflow of his fame on the Continent in later years was but the sequel of the flood of the Renaissance in Western Europe. He was the child of that great movement, and marks its height as it penetrated the North with civilization† (â€Å"George Edward Woodberry Quote†). The Renaissance, as Woodberry stated within his quote, wouldRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1264 Words   |  6 Pagestheater-going public the most important dramatist in English literature, Shakespeare occupies a well-known position in the world of talented authors. His canon contains thirty-seven plays, written in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. Additionally, throughout the years, they continue to sustain critical attention, with the majority of his works circling tragedies, one being Romeo and Juliet. William Shakespeare s Romeo and Juliet speaks to the timele ss appeal of star-crossed lovers. TheirRead MoreConflict Within Romeo And Juliet By William Shakespeare1295 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout Romeo and Juliet the theme of conflict is conveyed in many forms, mostly through physical violence; reflected in the era of the Renaissance where there was political turmoil and many European nations were at war. Shakespeare presents the theme in other forms as well; family versus family, sacred versus profane, parent versus child and language versus inner conflict. Conflict is a key in the structure of the play; it is highlighted in the beginning, middle and end. As an audience we areRead MoreSignificant Themes Found in Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet 890 Words   |  4 PagesOn awakening from the long slumber of the Dark Ages, the Renaissance was a time of rebirth of culture in Europe. Writers of the time such as Christopher Marlowe and Sir Phillip Sydney created literature that was bold and innovative. Dramatists revived and reinvented the c lassical traditions of the Greeks and Romans, however no one seemed to match William Shakespeare in terms of variety, profundity, and exquisite use of language (http://www.online-literature.com). Known as the most famous loveRead MoreLove and Marriage in Renaissance Literature Essay973 Words   |  4 PagesLove and Marriage in Renaissance Literature In medieval Europe, the troubadours (poets of the southern part of France), like Guilhem IX, or Cercamon, first began to write poems about humble men falling in love with women who were admirer and adored by their lovers. Furthermore, intense love between men and women became a central subject in European literature, like between Tristan and Iseult, Lancelot and Guinevere, or Aeneas and Dido. But it was not question of marriageRead MoreEssay on Consequences of Love and Hate Explored in Romeo and Juliet1075 Words   |  5 PagesWilliam Shakespeare, the play Romeo and Juliet is written in a poetic disquisition that distinguishes many timeless themes. These themes transcend the boundaries of this perennial classic into the foundation of many prevailing modern-day literary workings. Shakespeare wrote Romeo and Juliet in the late fifteen hundreds in the riveting city of Verona, Italy, where it has since been revered as one of the most preeminent and recognized play’s in history. Romeo and Juliet explores the extents of humanRead MoreLove and Marriage in Renaissance Literature1228 Words   |  5 PagesFurthermore, intense love between men and women became a central subject in European literature, like between Tristan and Iseult, Lancelot and Guinevere, or Aeneas and Dido. But it was not question of marriage. Actually, marriage and love did not match very well together but then Renaissance literature developed the concepts of love and marriage and recorded the evolution of the relation between them. In the Renaissance poetry, Donne, in The Good Morrow, celebrate love and sexuality in marriage. HoweverRead MoreThe Senseless Couple: Romeo and Juliets Tragedy1157 Words   |  5 PagesIs love worth it all? As publicized in Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare, reckless decisions may possibly lead to an unforeseen and dreadful conclusion. He also makes it known that if feelings about a situation are over dramatized they can cause a hazardous faux pas. That is exactly what Romeo, Juliet, and Friar Lawrence implement in Shakespeare’s tragedy. In Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet, the major characters cause the tragic outcome of the drama through their bad choices and decisions. Read More A Psychological Analysis of Romeo and Juliet Essay1744 Words   |  7 PagesA Psychological Analysis of Romeo and Juliet Romeo and Juliet was obviously not written to fit the psychoanalytic model, as the theories of Freud were not developed for centuries after Shakespeare. Shakespeare wrote to Renaissance England, a culture so heavily steeped in Christianity, that it would have blushed at the instinctual and sexual thrust of Freud’s theory. However, in order to keep literature alive and relevant, a culture must continually reinterpret the themes and ideas of past worksRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1328 Words   |  6 PagesIn my time reading stories, plays, and poetry from British literature most of the things i am generally interested in reading is Shakespeare plays. Most notably, Romeo and Juliet as being one of my personal favorites.Throughout the entirety reading the play i’ve noticed how much the themes play a role in the effect the characters and their surroundings,resulting in a tragic ending. From some examples, how fate plays into Romeo and Juliet being â€Å" star-cross’d lovers† and, the theme of love playing

Domestication of maize in mesoamerica Free Essays

string(102) " the production is used in compounded provenders for domestic fowl, hogs and ruminant animate beings\." Corn: The Domestication of Maize in Mesoamerica One of the most basic demands of a human being is that of nutrient. We most eat and imbibe to last. Subsistence is a natural idea which consumes every modern worlds twenty-four hours. We will write a custom essay sample on Domestication of maize in mesoamerica or any similar topic only for you Order Now What will I eat for breakfast? What will I take for tiffin or will I eat out? Should I take something out for dinner or choice something up on the manner place? All of these inquiries seem at times rather complicated, nevertheless are without a uncertainty, much simpler than what may hold crossed the heads of prehistoric worlds. Merely as it is today subsistence was the centre of each civilizations universe. Whether you were mobile or sedentary each group of hunter-gatherers had to eat. It is the endurance of these societies which allows us as archeologists a extremum into the yesteryear. The procedure of garnering adequate nutrient in which to obtain a sufficient sum of Calories was foremost and first in mundane life. The procedure of domestication of certain workss finally led to more nucleated colonies. Let us maintain in head Morgan ‘s theory of civilization, if this is right, that cultural patterned advance is lineal ; than it is safe to presume that the lone natural patt erned advance for prehistoric worlds was to passage from the huntsman gather phase of obtaining subsistence to a more agricultural life manner. One cultigen in specific was â€Å" corn † , now referred to as â€Å" maize † . In this paper an effort will do to decently explicate what corn is, how maize became a major basic in prehistoric people ‘s diet, and in conclusion how has maize been detected in Mesoamerica through grounds in the archeological record. What is maize? It is a big species of American grass of the genus Zea ( Z. Mays ) widely cultivated as a eatage and nutrient works ; known as Indian maize ( hypertext transfer protocol: //archaeology.about.com ) . Maize is a cultigen ; this is a harvest that can non propagate in the natural state without human intercession. Plant domestication can be defined as the human creative activity of a new signifier of works, dependant on human intercession, reaping and seting for endurance. Maize has a distinguishable planting season, turning season, and reaping season. There is a world-wide importance placed on â€Å" maize † . In the Western Hemisphere it is by far the most of import human nutrient harvest ( Beadle, 615 ) . It is still the most of import harvest in all of Latin America. On a world-wide footing it is the 3rd most of import human nutrient harvest, with an one-year production of some two hundred metric dozenss ( Beadle, 615 ) . When Columbus arrived from the Old World and stumbled upon this unusual harvest on the island of Cuba, basically all major races of maize-some two to three hundred- were already in cultivation and had been disseminated from its topographic point of beginning, likely southern Mexico ( which will be explained further in the paper ) , to mid-Chile in the South and to the oral cavity of the St. Lawrence River in the North. The transition below from a scientific discipline magazine will foster aid explicate the definition of corn. Corn, besides known as corn ( from the Spanish maiz ) was foremost domesticated about 10,000 old ages ago from teosinte, a wild grass that looked rather different from our modern harvest. Teosinte grew in Mexico and Central America as a bushy works with many spikes, the precursor to our familiar ear of maize. The little teosinte spikes had merely two rows of about uneatable meats, or seeds, each enclosed by a difficult covering. These seeds separated separately at adulthood and were dispersed widely. In likely less than a thousand old ages, the bantam spikes of hereditary teosinte transformed into larger ears with comestible meats that remained on the hazelnut for easy crop. How these dramatic alterations occurred has been a mystifier for over a century. Geneticists are now positive that worlds populating in the Balsas River part of Mexico were scrounging teosinte seeds when they noticed rare aberrations-likely caused by random mutations-that increased spike size dramatically. Seeds were propagated from these bigger spikes, and therefore the singular events of domestication began. By analyzing the corn genome, research workers have now confirmed that mutants in individual cistrons, such as Teosinte glume architectural ( Tgal ) . Alter meat and works construction and that alterations in many cistrons influence complex developmental traits, such as the clip to blooming. As human populations migrated throughout the Americas, new assortments of corn were selected to turn in local environments. Some assortments were maintained as alleged landraces, each turning in ecological niches in Mexico and South America. Now, these assortments and landraces hold a wealth of familial diverseness, which is being tapped for both basic research and as traits for harvest genteelness ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sciencemag.org/products/posters/maize_poster ) How did maize go a major basic in prehistoric people ‘s diet? Where there other utilizations or maize other than subsistence? New research shows that there is unambiguously four major independent centres of works domestication ; the Near East, China, Eastern North America and Mesoamerica. ( Smith 1989: 1566 ) The America ‘s is believed to supply the clearest record there is of agribusiness beginnings anyplace in the universe, supplying new apprehension of the procedure involved in this cardinal transmutation in human history. However, the procedure is believed to hold started in Mesoamerica. Maize has many utilizations ; nutrient, provender for unrecorded stock and energy for industries. As a nutrient, the whole grain, either mature or immature, may be used ; or the corn may be processed by dry milling techniques to give a comparatively big figure of intermediary merchandises, such as maize grits of different atom size, maize repast, maize flour and flaking grits. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //fao.org ) These stuffs have a important figure of applications in a big assortment of nutrients. Maize grown in subsistence agribusiness continues to be used as a basic nutrient harvest. In developed states more than 60 per centum of the production is used in compounded provenders for domestic fowl, hogs and ruminant animate beings. You read "Domestication of maize in mesoamerica" in category "Essay examples" In recent old ages, even in developing states in which corn is a staple nutrient, more of it has been used as an carnal provender ingredient. â€Å" High wet † corn has been paid much attending late as an animate being provender because of its lower cost and its capacity to better efficiency in provender transition. The byproducts of dry milling include the source and the seed-coat. The former is used as a beginning of comestible oil of high quality. The seed-coat or seed vessel is used chiefly as a provender, although in recent old ages involvement has developed in it as a beginning of dietetic fibre ( Earl et al. , 1988 ; Burge and Duensing, 1989 ) . Wet milling is a procedure applicable chiefly in the industrial usage of corn, although the alkalic cookery procedure used in fabricating tortillas ( the thin, level staff of life of Mexico and other Cardinal American states ) is besides a wet milling operation that removes merely the seed vessel ( Bressani, 1972 ) . Wet milling outputs maize amylum and byproducts such as corns gluten, used as a provender ingredient. It is this level staff of life or tortilla that is speculated to hold been used in pre-historic times. This is non the tortilla that we think of today, nevertheless, the basic construct is fundamental and could hold been used even 10,000 old ages ago. George W. Beadle ‘s research shows that the chance of corn being likewise used as what we refer to as â€Å" popcorn † is high. This high chance points to the usage of teosinte, which has been argued among bookmans as an un-usable merchandise, hence non an ascendant of corn. Beadle ‘s research has proven that even the triangular meat of teosinte could hold been heated on het sand, hot stone or fire and would hold popped. There is guess that in prehistoric clip, maize had a spiritual and ceremonial intent. It is written that in the tallness of the Incan imperium corn was used in ritual and ceremonial assemblages in the signifier of beer. ( Fernandez-Arnesto ; 243 ) There is n’t anything to bespeak any different anyplace else that corn has turned up within the archeological record. With a better apprehension of corn and its possible maps, allow ‘s reference where corn originated. Blake, Clark, Chisholm, and Mudar consider the passage to agribusiness in the Formative period of coastal Mesoamerica ( from about 1500 B.C. to the birth of Christ ) , specifically along the Pacific seashore of Chiapas, Mexico. These bookmans review the grounds from this country in footings of two viing hypotheses: the competitory banqueting theoretical account of Hayden ( 1990 ) and the interaction of workss and worlds as described by Rindos ( 1984 ) and Flannery ( 1986 ) . MacNeish ‘s work in the Tehuacan Valley has shown that the beginnings of corn and its integrating into a system of agricultural production that included a assortment of workss began every bit early as 7000 B.C. The earliest people to utilize and cultivate these workss were non sedentary, alternatively, they were mobile foragers who incorporated these domesticates into a complex seasonal form of hunting and collection ( MacNeish 1967, 1972 ; Flannery 1968 ; Flannery 1986 ) . It has been believed that from Formative times frontward that corn is typically seen as the chief basic harvest in Mesoamerican prehistoric culture. Agricultural promotion has long been thought of as the basis of early sedentary small town life and one of necessary conditions for the development of complex society ( MacNeish 1972 ) . Maize yields a high sum of thermal consumption which is necessary in the procedure of prolonging the degree of activity that prehistoric people in Mesoamerica needed to last. A recent re-analysis by Farnsworth et Al ( 1985 ) of archeological informations from the Tehuacan Valley, including a stable C and nitrogen analysis of the human skeletal remains, suggests that a heavy dependance on grains, including corn began every bit early as the Coxcatlan stage ( ca. 5000-3000 B.C. ) . In Oaxaca, excavated macrobotanical remains show that domesticates, including corn, beans, squash, and avocados, were in usage and consumed both before and after the visual aspect of the first sedentary small towns ( Flannery 1976, 1986 ) . Kirkby ‘s ( 1973 ) survey of agricultural production suggests that the chief basic, corn, was cultivated and relied upon from the Early Formative Tierras Largas stage ( 1400-1150 B.C. ) onwards. She suggests, nevertheless, that corn did non make a threshold of productiveness, until about 100B.C. when larger assortments allowed greater outputs per cultivated hectares of land. The premise is that as corn hazelnut size grew, and the works be came more productive, so early villagers came progressively to trust on it as a subsistence basic. Both the Tehuacan and the Oaxaca information suggest that after agricultural merchandises, peculiarly corn, became of import in the subsistence system by the Late Archaic period, the tendency towards increasing trust on these workss continued through clip. The motion of a comparatively little sum of corn from established agro-ecology over long distances into a new environment is tantamount to an evolutionary constriction or a laminitis event ( King, 1987 ; Mayr, 1963 ) . Because merely a little part of the population is represented after one of these events, trying mistake will ensue in, among other things, changed cistron frequences, dislocation of co-adapted cistron composites, and sometimes increased linear familial variableness ( Cheverud and Routman, 1996 ) . The above mentioned on page 2 and 3 of this paper attempted to explicate the procedure of genetic sciences when involved in the procedure of promotion of a works. We can mention to this as agricultural development. Farming in modern twenty-four hours seems to be, from an foreigner looking in ; â€Å" difficult work † , â€Å" dirty work † , and â€Å" humdrum work † . If with modern equipment agriculture is hard what would it hold been like in prehistoric Mesoamerica? Why farm at all? We look at runing game now in present twenty-four hours society as romantic and sportsman like. There is a challenge to the â€Å" game † . There is fancy equipment purchased and good maintain. Hunters tell narratives that are passed on from coevals to coevals, runing narratives in prehistoric culture had to be merely as exciting and the material of which myths were made. So, once more why farm at all? Many bookmans have argued that without agribusiness societies would non hold existed. Merely agribusiness, with its form of population growing, urbanisation, and economic excesss has produced civilisations ( Reed, 5 ) . Therefore assisting to explicate why agribusiness led to complex soci eties. Changing conditions such as height, rainfall, dirt, and seasonal temperature rand and latitudinal differences in the length of twenty-four hours during turning seasons led to the eventual diffusion of maize northward into North America, nevertheless for the interest of this paper the focal point will stay on Mesoamerica. The research indicates that the grounds in the archeological record states that the coastal countries show maize before any other country. Coe and Flannery until the 1980 ‘s were the lone two research workers to describe domesticates at Early Formative metropoliss along the Pacific Coast of either Chiapas or Guatemala. Other than these few incidences comparatively few sites have produced macrobotanical grounds of cultigens among their subsistence remains. Richard â€Å" Scotty † MacNeish conducts what he called â€Å" the great maize Hunt † in 1958. MacNeish believed by tracking pre-ceramic caves in the southern portion of Mesoamerica, viz. , in the caves of Copan and the Comeagua Valley of Honduras he would hold a better opportunity of tracking the maize ( MacNeish 1962 ) . His hunt extended to Zacapa Valley of Guatemala in 1959, every bit good holding brief visits in Oaxaca and the Rio Balsas Valley of Guerrero. In 1961 MacNeish and his squad started the Tehuacan undertaking which yielded to be a great incredible success. Among many inquiry with this undertaking MacNeish and his co-workers were able to work out the job of the beginnings of maize and were able to assail the how and the why of many other domesticated workss in upland Mesoamerica. Harmonizing to MacNeish the sum of artefacts ( 50,000 lithics, more than 100,000 works remains, over 10,000 castanetss and some 250 human fecal matters ) found in the 454 sites gave the squad a clip span that approximately stretched from 20,000 to 2000 B.C. Since MacNieshs ‘ research and diggings at that place have been over 1000 sites found and more archeological grounds to back up his original findings. In decision, the subject of â€Å" corn † is one that has intrigued and puzzled archeologists for many old ages. The domestication and development of corn in and of itself causes much argument. It is because of great archeologists like MacNeish and his firm wonder of the â€Å" great maize Hunt † as to why we have the information that we have today. The mere grounds of 454 sites going 1000 in a affair of old ages speaks for itself. The fact remains that there are 4 major independent centres of works domestication, the Near East, China, North America, and Mesoamerica. It is the purpose of this paper to hold clearly introduced even the novitiate of individual ‘s to what precisely is the definition of corn, how maize became a major basic in prehistoric people ‘s diet, and how corn has been detected in Mesoamerica through grounds in the archeological record. How to cite Domestication of maize in mesoamerica, Essay examples

Effective Communication Skills for Working with Aboriginal

Question: Discuss about theEffective Communication Skills for Working with Aboriginal. Answer: Introduction Effective communication is done between humans to interact with each other by exchanging information. It is seen that vary considerably in terms of communication, interpersonal practices and norms of communication efficiency. The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people are facing a health crisis and lack of effective cross cultural communication is one of the primary reasons for it. Barriers in working with Aboriginal and Torre Strait Islander peoples An individual has to face several barriers while working with the Aboriginal and Torre Strait Islander people. These people often face discrimination and have been subjected to partial policies in the past. Therefore, it is observed that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people show distrust in every system and may also feel fear or shame. It becomes difficult with these people in gaining their trust back and freeing them from prejudiced emotions. Second and most prominent barrier is of language as Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people do not speak Standard Australian English as their first language.For some of the people Australian English is a second, third or even fourth language. Hence it becomes difficult to work with them without a translator. Also, the people who speak English pronounce the words differently which differentiates Aboriginal English from Standard Australian English. So understanding what a person is saying becomes difficult and delayed (North Coast Area Health Service, 2009). Another barrier is that a person has to be very aware of his/her nonverbal communication while dealing with the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people as they are cautious nonverbal communication indications.(Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Cultural Practice Program, 2012). It is also observed that some people of the Aboriginal community are not skilled in numeracy and literacy. So while working with such, it becomes vital to give assistance with reading, writing and processing new information (Aboriginal Services Branch, 2009). Further it is also observed that some Aboriginal people commonly use swear words during conversation as part of their regular vocabulary. Swearing is not regarded as offensive as it is in non-Aboriginal culture. While working with them it becomes difficult to not take this personally and avoid being offended. Clear understanding of the Aboriginal and Torre Strait Islander peoples and what effective communicating skills required to working with them Aboriginal culture is basically an oral culture and therefore, the language and knowledge of this culture is not very well preserved. Due to the oral practice several languages were lost. Effective communication skills emphasising on good nonverbal communication should be used while working with them. Also while working with them an interpersonal relationship should be developed before proceeding to the business by asking about family, giving information about yourself. Gentle tone with slow speed and clear articulation of words should be done. Also the communication should be non-judgemental to build trust with them (Bach Grant, 2011)like any notion regarding their English proficiency and level of literacy should not be assumed (NSW Department of Health, 2004) Fundamental processes and practises of effective interpersonal communication applicable to Aboriginal and Torre Strait Islander peoples Before talking about business, focus should be put on building a relationship by warmly welcoming them, introducing you and exchange information about each other. To overcome the barrier of language one should avoid using technical terms, checking about understanding the words both the parties are using, usage of diagrams, pictures and models can also be done to explain anything. Avoid using the traditional language unless one is confident about it. Also, assistance from local Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander staff can be taken (Cultural Capability Team, 2015). It is important to understand the non-verbal communication cues used by them as they have different meanings in the context of other regions. So one should be mindful of be mindful of both the parties. One should also be mindful of the distance he/she is maintaining between him/her and the other person. If one is standing too close to a person especially of opposite gender, it can make/her uncomfortable and be a cause of distraction while communicating(Cherry, 2018). It is seen that silence of extended periods in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander practice is common during conversations and is valued highly. The pauses are executed in between the conversation to listen actively, display regard or agreement. Therefore the constructive usage use of silence in their culture should not be misunderstood as disagreement and ignorance(Department of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Policy, 1998). Likewise in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander culture averting eye contact is typically an act of showing respect. So one must avoid eye contact at first, and then observe other person's body manner and follow his/her lead and alter the ways of eye contact accordingly. Eye contact should especially be taken care of while working with opposite gender and should not be initiated first. In theircultures, the titles of Aunty or Uncle are commonly used togive respect to an elder member of the community in spite of no blood relation. It can be used while working with them after their approval. One must listen to them before giving his/her opinion as the other person may be struggling to communicate. He /she should be shown empathy (Nelson-Jones, 2000)and must avoid repeatedly interrupting or speaking over the person. Resources and networking applicable to Aboriginal and Torre Strait Islander peoples The government and nongovernment agencies can work towards building valuable alliances in working scenario with Aboriginal groups. To achieve this various local organisations and community centrescan work with Aboriginal people(Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet, 2016). Bibliography Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Cultural Practice Program. (2012). Communicating effectively with Aboriginal and Torres Strait. Queensland Health. Aboriginal Services Branch. (2009). Working with Aboriginal people and communities. Aboriginal Services Branch in consultation with the Aboriginal Reference Group. Bach, Grant. (2011). Communication and Interpersonal Skills in Nursing (Transforming Nursing Practice Series) (2 ed.). Learning Matters. Cherry, K. (2018, January 3). Types of Nonverbal Communication. Retrieved march 28, 2018, from Very Well: https://www.verywellmind.com/types-of-nonverbal-communication-2795397 Cultural Capability Team. (2015). Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Cuture capability. Queensland: Queensland Health. Department of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Policy. (1998). Protocols for Consultation and Negotiation with Aboriginal People. Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. (2016, February 23). Communicating with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Audiences. Retrieved march 28, 2018, from Australian Government: https://www.pmc.gov.au/resource-centre/indigenous-affairs/communicating-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-audiences Nelson-Jones, R. (2000). Six Key Approaches to Counselling and Therapy. SAGE. North Coast Area Health Service. (2009). Cultural Respect Communication Guide. North Coast Area. NSW Department of Health. (2004). Communicating positively. North Sydney.

Risk Management in a Project

Introduction The concept of risk management is crucial in any project management. Risk management entails measures that are taken to ensure timely completion of a project without many complications.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Risk Management in a Project specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Fertis, Baes and Là ¼thi (2012, p.663) define risk as a potential hazard that may emerge and cause difficulties and hence make it impossible to accomplish set objectives in a certain project. From this definition, it can be deduced that threats are uncertain events that have negative effects on a particular endeavor (Gray Larson 2010, p. 17). There are numerous internal and external factors within a project environment that may instigate risks. Hence, mitigation measures should be put in place in order to identify, analyze and manage such hazards (Fang Marie 2012, p. 635). It is against this background that this paper int ends to analyze and discuss the benefits of managing risks, the evaluation process for effective risk management and recommendations on how risk management can be carried out. Importance of risk management in a project environment Risk management is a process that entails analysis of risks in order to devise appropriate management strategies, a factor that enhances success of a project. Additionally, there are myriads of benefits that occur when such perils are managed (Fang Marie 2012, p. 635). Nevertheless, there exit numerous misconceptions on risk management. In fact, some organizations often regard is as a costly and time wasting activity. To some extent, some organizations perceive that the costs of mitigating certain risks are higher than those of maintaining the resultant effects.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Consequently, they end up starting up projects that a re never accomplished (Madadi Iranmanesh 2012, p.751). Notably, when risks are managed properly, it helps to minimize the operational costs. For instance, whenever a certain risk is identified it should be mitigated before it begins to affect the entire project. In this case, the organization does not have to incur extra cost of managing the risk and repairing the damages caused at the same time (Sorin Serghei 2012, p. 249). Another potential benefit is that it helps to proactively tackle project’s risk factors. In most cases, there are types of risks in projects that are often ignored yet they can adversely affect the progress of a project (Madadi Iranmanesh 2012, p.751). Therefore, management of risks provides a forum to decimate the major and minor risks. Additionally, risk management helps to motivate and boost the performance of workers and other stakeholders. From a careful review of literature, workers often get discouraged by the impending risks. Dorfman (2007, p. 4) argues that nobody would sacrifice his or her effort on a project which is bound to fail. This implies that whenever risks are managed, it creates an assurance of success for the project. Consequently, workers and stakeholders get committed to the project. Fang and Marie (2012, p. 635) elucidate that risk management promotes a collective team identity and also boosts the morale and spirit of members while tackling difficult tasks. In line with the above benefits, Jebrin and Abu-Salma (2012, 289) highlight that risk management is one potential way of managing crisis that occurs and which may often results into failure of a project.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Risk Management in a Project specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In other words, this practice improves the strategic planning and management of a business since it ensures that it will be able to withstand prevailing challenges. Sorin and Serghei (2012 , p. 251) note that managing risks in a project calls for teamwork. Besides, Dorfman (2007, p. 4) acknowledges that risk management in a project creates awareness on how to tackle possible errors in future. Fertis, Baes and Là ¼thi (2012, p.663) assert that some risks are concurrent and therefore, once the stakeholders note the trend of certain risks, they should create awareness to team members on how to respond to such risks. Besides, this practice also fosters effective use of resources. Empirical studies have shown that some of the risks that face projects occur due to inappropriate use of resources. In any project, there are numerous types of resources such as finances, labor and fixed assets (Madadi Iranmanesh 2012, p.751). Once these resources are mismanaged, the project cannot be successful due to shortages. Therefore, it requires team members to use available resources appropriately in order to overcome shortages that can lead to failure of accomplishing the set objective s. Studies have shown that management of risks call for the need to grasp new opportunities. For example, an investment might not be attractive in a given season while there may be an opportunity for investing elsewhere. In this case, the team members can partition some resources and invest them in separate projects. Whenever the main investment improves, it will be an added advantage since the project will have expanded. Abdullah and Verner (2012, p.1930) highlight that this enhances continuous improvement of the project especially when external investments boost the main project. By so doing, the project will experience minimal instabilities (Besner Hobbs 2012, p. 241). In a shift of focus, it is important to know that in risk management, no one is sure of what might come up. Therefore, this calls for a sensitive decision making process in order to increase the likelihood of project success.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Project evaluation It is important to note that evaluation of risks in a project helps one to determine the degree of success and possible failures (Vose 2000, p.5). A project should employ evaluation since it helps to measure the effects of possible risks. In this case, there are numerous ways through which evaluation is conducted during risk management process. One of the possible ways is to rank the risks in order from the most injurious to the least. In addition, the consequences of each hazard can also be considered as an evaluation criterion. Needless to say, Fertis, Baes and Là ¼thi (2012, p.663) observe that other than the consequences, one can use the probability criterion to conduct an evaluation. It is important to note that numerous organizations usually apply the two criteria in order to assess and manage risks facing their projects. That notwithstanding, one can use a business plan to evaluate the mode of risk management (Vose 2000, p.5). For instance, in a business p lan, there are various risks that are been considered. For example, one can refer to the risk map to evaluate the likelihood of a certain hazard to occur. From a careful review of literature, there are several tools that can be used in an evaluation process. For instance, there are maps that are constructed to indicate the likelihood of a risk to occur. As such, the risks are ranked depending on their significance to the project (Madadi Iranmanesh 2012, p.751). Furthermore, other tools that can be applied include SWOT and scenario analysis. The latter may help to explore diverse encounters of a business in future (Besner Hobbs 2012, p. 243). Additionally, projects can also employ evaluation process to devise strategies that can possibly neutralize or even predict possible hazards. An evaluation can also be employed to determine whether to move on or terminate a given project (Gray Larson 2010, p. 57). This is due to the fact that some of the risks can cause more harm while they a re inevitable. For instance, during the current economic recession, some of the investment strategies were heavily affected by the crises. In this case, conducting an evaluation would help one to foresee the inevitable dangers and determine whether to progress with the investment or not (Fang Marie 2012, p. 635). Other than neutralizing and anticipating risks, evaluation process can be employed to estimate risks. In most cases, team members in a project are quick to identify risks yet they are not able to estimate their impacts. Project managers can also use evaluation process to determine the possible changes within the project’s environment. This entails planning on how to cope with competitors, market changes and diverse government policies (Madadi Iranmanesh 2012, p.751). It is imperative to note that failure to conduct an evaluation might destabilize a project especially if it is not able to withstand government policies and other factors in the immediate environment. Therefore, evaluation can be employed to identify abstract threats (Besner Hobbs 2012, p. 245). Recommendations It is important to note that the benefits of managing risks in a project are numerous. Therefore, there are several recommendations that can be implemented in order to ensure an effective and workable risk management plan in any given project. 1.It is recommended that stakeholders should make risk management process to be part of the project and that they should not be ignorant of anticipated risks (Jebrin Abu-Salma 2012, 289). This will enable the team to derive full benefits. For instance, depending on the nature of the project, some members in a team may fall ill, get injured, die or even lose their individual properties. Such threats are often ignored yet they are inevitable. Reviewing the risk analysis record is crucial since it acts as a leeway to risk management. This cannot be possible without an efficient evaluation procedure. 2. Basically, team members should i dentify the possible risks early enough in order to develop a clear mindset to face them. This will help to identify available opportunities that can be utilized to decimate the discovered risks. Fertis, Baes and Là ¼thi (2012, p.663) note that diverse risk identification methods should be employed in order to cover a wide range of unexpected risks. This implies that correlating the probability of the event with the cost incurred is vital. Therefore, whenever an evaluation is done, it is important to come up with a risk impact versus probability chart that gives the project a fine focus (Vose 2000, p.5). 3. Abdullah and Verner (2012, p.1930) recommend that it is vital to provide information on the risks facing a project. In most cases, managers may identify a risk but fail to include the workforce. Risk communication enhances team building and hence individuals pull their efforts collectively in one direction (Madadi Iranmanesh 2012, p.751). Notably, communication helps to expose bigger risks that can easily go unnoticed. As a matter of fact, risks that cannot be noticed easily may often pose the worst threats to an organization before they are eventually identified. This explains why a smooth flow of information and communication should be enhanced whenever any project is being undertaken. 4. Fertis, Baes and Là ¼thi (2012, p.663) are quite unanimous that projects should not merely consider the threats. Opportunities should also be put in mind when undertaking projects. In any case, not all risks may lead to failure of a project. For example, it is worth noting that some risks have positive effects in the sense that they can be turned into viable opportunities towards the successful completion of a given project. For instance, Abdullah and Verner (2012, p.1930) assert that risks create dynamism especially in cases whereby stakeholders struggle to utilize every opportunity to accomplish a project. This kind of dynamism is indeed crucial if a project is to r ecord any significant level of success. 5. Risks facing a project should be prioritized since some have adverse effects than others. Needless to say, those that are more perilous to the project should be ranked top and addressed first while the least should be given the last priority. Nevertheless, prioritizing risks does not imply that the less risky ones should be ignored. Additionally, Fertis, Baes and Là ¼thi (2012, p.663) recommend that risks should be evaluated in order to set preconditions for valuable responses. Evaluation of risks should be conducted in different level and the outcomes should be reviewed in order to foster effective risk management strategies. References Abdullah, L Verner, J 2012, â€Å"Analysis and application of an outsourcing risk framework.† The Journal of Systems and Software, vol. 85 no.8, pp.19-30. Besner, C Hobbs, B 2012, â€Å"The paradox of risk management; a project management practice perspective.† International Journal of Mana ging Projects in Business, vol.5 no.2, pp.230-247. Dorfman, S 2007, Introduction to Risk Management and Insurance, Prentice Hall Press, New Jersey. Fang, C Marie, F 2012, â€Å"A simulation-based risk network model for decision support in project risk management.† Decision Support Systems vol. 52 no.3, pp.635-637. Fertis, A, Baes, M Là ¼thi, H 2012, â€Å"Robust risk management.† European Journal of Operational Research vol. 222, no.3, pp. 663-665. Gray, C Larson, E 2010, Project Management: The Managerial Process, 5th International, McGraw-Hill, London. Jebrin, A. Abu-Salma, A 2012, â€Å"Conceptual Knowledge Approach to Operational Risk Management (A Case Study).† International Journal of Business and Management vol. 7 no.2, pp.289-302. Madadi, M Iranmanesh, H 2012, â€Å"A management-oriented approach to reduce a project duration and its risk (variability). European Journal of Operational Research vol. 219 no.3, pp. 751-755. Sorin, P Serghei, F 2012, â€Å"A typology of unexpected events in complex projects.† International Journal of Managing Projects in Business vol. 5, no.2, pp.248-265. Vose, D 2000, Risk Analysis: A Quantitative Guide, John Wiley Sons, New York. This report on Risk Management in a Project was written and submitted by user Chance Kirby to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Relationship between knowledge and emotion Essays

Relationship between knowledge and emotion Essays Relationship between knowledge and emotion Essay Relationship between knowledge and emotion Essay There can be no knowledge without emotion until we have felt the force of the knowledge, it is not ours. (adapted from Arnold Bennett). Discuss this vision of the relationship between knowledge and emotion.  The role of emotion has, for a long time, been downplayed in majority of our societies; people try to distinguish and thus diminish its significance by attempting to separate it distinctively from other aspects like reasoning. This is possibly due to the fact that peoples emotions do tend to fog our perception and perspective of things at that very moment it is experienced. We know better than to expect an outraged, angry man to reason very well and take right decisions at the heat of the moment. We are more than often advised to be reasonable and to control our emotions rather than be emotional. Being emotional is even taken in a negative way as an insult most of the times. More than often, all our emotions do is unnecssarily obstruct our attempt to make reasonable decisions when in a complicated situation, or prevent us from thinking clearly when making a choice. However, despite our underestimation of emotions, it may strike us as unusual and inconsistent to know that emotion, along with language, reason and perception is regarded as one of the four principle ways of knowing. It is close to impossible for us to deny the fact that our feelings and/or our emotions mean a great deal to us and our daily lives. It is something that we were born with and live with everyday, a significantly integral part of ourselves that we cant possibly ignore. And that is why we feel so naturally inclined to consult our emotions whenever there is a problem or a decision to be made, despite all the dubious concerns we have about it. Regarding the statement by Bennett which says, There can be no knowledge without emotion until we have felt the force of the knowledge, it is not ours, it seemingly suggests that emotion plays a crucial part in the acquiring and the absolute sense of knowledge. But it can be pointed out that the first part of the statement is quite blatantly incorrect. We know all four angles of a square are ninety degrees, which becomes knowledge, and it does not involve or require our emotions at all to know it. But it can be said that in certain cases, such as the justification of something in order for it to be called knowledge, our emotions do guide and influence us in perceiving how we perceive what we hear or see. Nevertheless, it is important for us to control our emotions as well, for we know that if we let our emotions get the better of us and let it roam free, it can delude us, diminishing our power to reason and thus transform the knowledge we obtain. Our emotion is always there, it is difficult to imagine our life devoid any emotions. We describe some people as being cold and lacking emotions, but there is no such thing as a person having no emotions at all. It may be that they prefer not to expose them, have fewer of them or even that they are in complete control of them. But as recent psychological studies have suggested, if a person did not have any emotions, then his/her life would eventually be ruined. Antonio Damasio, a psychologist and the author of Descartes Error, did a case study on a patient whose emotional centers in his brain had been damaged due to an accident. It was later concluded that although the patient mostly appeared normal and remembered things he had learnt prior to the accident, he had lost the ability to make decisions since he had emotions to guide him to do it. Thus he made his decisions on the basis of reason alone and suffered from mental breakdowns. This study tells us how one patients emotions largely determine his ability to make able decisions, and thus the same could apply to more of us as well. It could mean that this sort of impulse comes to us so naturally that we completely take it for granted until something happens and we lose, like Damasios patient. According to Arnold Bennetts statement, he suggests that our emotions control reason, our obtaining of knowledge, or that it fuels reason. It is true that emotions serve as an incentive to pursuit knowledge in an individual. It acts as some sort of drive for us to acquire certain knowledge, so that we long to know and find truth. With passion, knowledge becomes more achievable and desirable. Take for instance, Sir Thomas Edison; his invention has literally brought light to our world, but he failed countless number of times while carrying on his experiment. Yet, he never succumbed to failure and that eventually paid off and the world saw the greatest breakthrough of the century. But what could have been the reason behind Edisons strong determination, his unfaltering resolution on producing what he set out to produce? It couldnt possibly have been the laborious work which he had to develop time and again over a hundred times. No, it was the passion he had behind what he was doing, the emotional drive that motivated him to set out on this never-ending search for knowledge. As he quoted, Genius is one percent inspiration and ninety nine percent perspiration, the one percent of emotional energy, the passion and will preserved his dedication to his work. It provided the patience and perseverance for him to steadfastly hold on to his determination. The one percent inspiration, however minute that may seem instilled in him the passion and patience to labor hard; ninety nine percent perspiration. So this suggests a parallelism with Bennetts statement. However, Bennett has said, until we have felt the force of knowledge, it is not ours. By ours, could he mean that knowledge can be owned? Can one possess knowledge as ones own? And would it suggest that knowledge without the emotional force felt is not knowledge? Bennetts statement could be argued as being flawed in itself since it suggests that all our knowledge has some sort of an emotive origin, that it is subjective. And subjectivism, as we all know, cannot be justifiable when it comes to acquiring knowledge. However, in the matter of ethics and morals, Bennetts assertion could be held true, for do we really know of any ethical issues that do not involve the human emotion? Most, if not all, ethical situations have an emotive base and thus, give rise to controversial issues such as biasness, etc. We can even take an example in one of the areas of knowledge, for instance, history; history is knowledge that is supposed to be absolutely factual, that is supposed to provide us with the correct information of the past that we can all collectively agree on. However, we humans have always found it hard to detach our emotions with the events of the past. Our emotions and our nature of favoritism influences our decision to believe what event in a history is true, and what is not and should thus be omitted. If we take for example the issue of the Tibetan independence to be more specific, it is believed a lot of events in the history of Tibet have been altered in order to find parallelism with what the Chinese assert is true. However, it should be considered that what a Tibetan believes to have happened in the past greatly differs from what a Chinese would most probably believe because of the emotional attachment the former, as refugees stripped from their country, have with this particular issue. I, myself, being a Tibetan can name several events and happenings that greatly involve my feelings of loyalty to my country and disrespect for the one that took it away. And thus, as is very evident, emotions give rise to biasness and favoritism which intrude in our obtaining of knowledge. But again, if we talk about the Mathematics, we know solving equations involve no such emotions, unless one is working on a monumental theory or maybe simply finding a problem difficult to solve. Ultimately, in studying emotions, even though we tend to and are encouraged to think of it and reason as two separate aspects, in reality we will find that they are so closely related to one another that it is almost impossible to differentiate them as two distinct things. Hence, most believe that reason and emotion work together as one, although at times one may take over more control. Emotion adds and strengthens ones attainment of knowledge, and has an indestructible relationship with it. And despite the many controversial arguments brought up, like the Stoics idea of attaining self-control and pure knowledge by freeing ones self from all destructive emotions, we know our ability to reason would most likely be obsolete. Thus, however much we are discouraged to involve our emotions in our decisions and act of reasoning, the undeniable fact is that it an innate, integral part of ourselves and therefore, will always either be there to help or to intrude.

Chanticleer review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Chanticleer review - Essay Example In February 22, 2013, the Chanticleer performed at the Ellen Eccles Theatre in UT, Logan. This was a twenty year celebration concerning The Cache Valley Center for Arts. This paper offers an overview of their performance. The Ellen Eccles Theatre was built in the early twentieth century. Over the years, it continues to draw loads of people from all over the U.S. its tickets are always in demand due to the variety and quality of shows it offers. An example is the Grammy-award winning Chanticleer group. New Yorkers praise the Chanticleer as the best male chorus in the world. Its presence at the Ellen Eccles attracted thousands of fans and music enthusiasts who wanted to catch a glimpse of the famous and sensational singing of Chanticleer. Subsequently, when they came on stage, they lived up to these expectations. Their intonation was perfect with a variety of singers ranging from bass to countertenor. It was as though they were using fabrication technology to sing through. However, they proved this by staging the microphones in front of their half-circle formation. Each singer brought out the required cadence, which was smooth. No one was high, low, or out of tone. In combination, the microphones captured a pure blend of music which was incredibly soothing to the ears. In fact, this was obvious from how the audience kept quiet and was enthusiastic throughout the performance. Furthermore, backed up by the magnificent and state of the art Ellen Eccles stage, the Chanticleer displayed a swagger of style with elegant black tuxedos. The unique feature that Chanticleer offers are the feeling of uncertainty that they bring out in their performance. No one can predict how their performance is going to be. Hence, spectators recognize the value for their money. Apart from the pure tones, the group also offered a flawless melding of immaculate melodic layers that filled the Ellen Eccles with luminous sound. The

Supply chain management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Supply chain management - Assignment Example This report discusses the electronic supply chain management. This research is initiated after the decision of the ABC manufacturers, which supplies supermarkets all over the country. The company is going to start the electronic supply chain management system to meet the upcoming market challenges. This research will describe the importance of the electronic supply chain management system for a company and its potential advantages for the better corporate management and online business. The main aim of this report is to access the main advantages of the electronic supply chain management system and streamline the main areas of implementation of this technology. According to (Kenneth 1999, p.55), â€Å"Supply chain management incorporates the supplier, distributor, and customer logistics requirements into a single consistent practice†. The supply chain is a group of corporal attributes for instance industrialized plants, giving out centers, conveniences, retail outlets, staff and information, which are connected from side to side activities such as procurement or logistics, to deliver goods or services from starting place through utilization. Goods or services begin as unprocessed materials and progress through the company’s logistics and manufacture system in anticipation of they arrive at customers. To deal with the supply chain, an organization attempts to get rid of impediments and engrave the amount of resources engaged along the way. This can be carried out by streamlining the organizations inside operations or by plummeting inventory costs by getting information from the suppliers to put of release of goods and their pa yments until the instant they are required. Information Technology makes well-organized supply chain management promising by incorporating demand planning, predicting, materials demand, and order handing out, inventory allotment,

Dietary Diversity And Nutrition Status Health And Social Care Essay

Dietary Diversity And Nutrition Status Health And Social Care Essay Low birthweight (LBW) is defined as a body weight at birth less than 2500grams. Its main causes include prematurity (born before 37 weeks gestation) in developed countries and Intrauterine Growth Retardation IUGR (restrained foetal growth) in developing countries (ACN/SCN, 2000). Relationship between health of mother and child has also been established, maternal nutritional and health status is an important determinant of childs health and nutritional outcome. LBW infants end up undernourished and stunted children, adolescents and finally women of childbearing age. The main indicators of LBW infants include maternal stunting, low pre-pregnancy weight and low pregnancy weight gain. Thus generational stunting continues (Victoria et al, 2008). Households vary in definition and composition, especially in Africa. Households here in Africa mostly includes the extended family members both in definition and composition. This serves as social support network here and so adds income into the household if the members are economically active or if economically inactive, increases dependency ratio in the household. Mother and child pair nutritional status reflects household dynamics, availability of food, care of mother and child. It can also reflect gender segregation in household food allocation etc. The state of food insecurity 2001 defines Food security [as] a situation that exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life (SOFI, 2002). Its three building pillars include availability, accessibility and stability of food. Availability entails physical presence of food in the household or area concerned; accessibility is concerned with the ability to acquire adequate amount of food and stability means constancy of food access which can be chronic or transitory. Chronic food insecurity exists when food supplies are persistently insufficient to supply adequate nutrients for all individuals. Transitory food insecurity occurs in the presence of temporary decline in access to adequate food because of instability in food production, food prices or income shortfalls. It is also necessary that available food meet the nutritional needs o f the household members, bringing in the component of food utilization. Resource poor subsistence farmers, landless households, pastoral household, female-headed household and urban poor are more vulnerable to food crisis (UN millennium project, 2005; FEWSNET, 2011). During the study period, coastal state of the Bayelsa, delta, Rivers and some portions of Jigawa in Northeast will experience moderate food insecurity. The coastal states will be affected by Niger-Delta crisis and potential pre-election tension. Pipeline vandalization, will continue to contribute to local water pollution, creating fish shortages among others. Flooding in the Northeast state of Jigawa will reduce household stock (Millet) causing food insecurity, with low cereal prices, above-average increase in tuber production. The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) defines biodiversity as the variability among living organisms from all sources including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems. In other words, it is the variety of life on earth at all levels, from genes to worldwide populations of the same species. The different Levels of biodiversity include ecosystem containing rich biodiversity, species and communities of species and different genotypes, and this includes agricultural biodiversity. All components of agricultural biodiversity relevant to food and agriculture and support the ecosystem that agriculture occurs is important (FAO, 2008). Thus, dietary diversity becomes important as a means of protecting the ecosystem. Dietary diversity can be defined as the number of different foods or food groups consumed over a given reference period, usually 1-2 week. Dietary diversity has been shown to improve nutritional status (Kant et al, 2000; Kiokia and Golden, 2004; Gibson et al, 2000). Thus, it also can aid in combating hidden hunger, and thus double burden. Dietary diversity is a reflection of household food security because depicts accessibility, availability of foods and to some extent stability. Hoddinott and Yohannes analysis of evidence from 10 countries links dietary diversity to household access of calorie and by extension food security (2002). Traditional food systems abound, and are currently going extinct because they are underutilized. The diet is shifting more towards an energy-dense based diet categorized by westernized and processed food, bringing with it the advent of non-communicable diseases like diabetes, coronary heart disease etc. Nutrition education aims to persuade individuals to make meaningful changes in their dietary behaviour. Studies have noted the importance and role in nutrition status and adequacy (Favin and Griffiths, 1999; Tarvinder et al, 2007; Mansour et al, 1994). In view of that, importance of nutrition education cannot be overemphasized in this scope, especially as traditional foods are available in its varieties but less consumed/sought-after. It becomes imperative that nutritional content and thus importance of these foods are once again extolled so that they can be consumed for optimum health. Biologically active substances have been found in traditional foods and functional foods include flavonoids etc. Information technology has opened lots of doors for education and knowledge in the world, which can be harnessed for promotion of nutrition education. Information technology used in education includes access devices, networking and communicating technologies, storage devices and e-learning platform (India policy brief, 2010). They pose great potential for acquiring knowledge especially at the subjects comfort. Phones have been used for teacher training with positive results among other things, MMS examples of teaching, audio lectures, SMS for reminders, motivational messages and short assessment questions etc. were used (ADB/Pouezevara and Khan, 2007). STATEMENT OF PROBLEM There is a dearth of information on the relationship between dietary diversity and nutrition status in Nigeria. There is also little information on shift of food consumption from traditional to processed western foods together with a gap in the quantification of the effect of nutrition education in enhancing dietary diversity. OBJECTIVES GOAL Optimize nutrition status of mother and child through dietary diversity and nutrition education SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES To identify the available foods in the surrounding/environment/locality and determine the neglected and underutilized local foods/species To identify the prevalence of malnutrition of mother and child To assess the dietary diversity in the food consumed by the mother-child and factors affecting it. To Investigate association between dietary diversity and nutritional status To ascertain the influence of nutrition education on nutritional status of mother and child. JUSTIFICATION Prevalence of malnutrition in Nigeria is currently high, especially in Under-Five. Currently, 41% of under-fives are stunted, 23% underweight and 14% wasted (NDHS, 2008). High Under-Five Mortality Rate propels continuous childbearing and with is accompanied maternal mortality due to nutrient depletion (El-Ghannam, 2005). Improved maternal health importantly pre-pregnancy status is vital for adequate growth and development of new foetus and to break intergenerational disease and poverty that can arise from poor health status during the first 1000 days (ACC/SCN, 1992). Lack of adequate nutrition education has led to improper feeding techniques of growing child, especially the under-fives. Traditional food systems are gradually becoming extinct and non-existent. The bulk of foods consumed are shifting base to western-influenced and processed foods (Bioversity International, 2006). High incidence of NCDS in developing countries and increase of double burden has been linked to monopoly in consumption of food and lack of dietary diversity. At the beginning of the 1960s, about 40% of the developing countries were chronically undernourished. Many developing countries have achieved 2700kcals. This high energy combined with an increasingly sedentary lifestyle has led to an increase in obesity and NCDS. The composition of the diet change to mainly high energy and fat etc. (Josef and Prakash, 2004). METHODOLOGY ANALYSIS OF OBJECTIVES Objective Variable Type of analysis To identify the available foods in the surrounding/environment/locality and determine the neglected and underutilized local foods/species Foods from Market survey, FGD and KII vs foods from DD Questionnaire To identify the prevalence of malnutrition of mother and child BMI, stunting, wasting and underweight To assess the dietary diversity of mother and child DDS of mother and child Computation To Investigate association between dietary diversity and nutritional status DDS and BMI/nutritional status indices Cross-tabulation To determine factors affecting dietary diversity DDS and socio-demographic, economic and household factors Cross-tabulation To ascertain the influence of nutrition education on dietary diversity DDS before and after nutrition education Paired T-test STUDY DESIGN The study will be a cross-sectional and descriptive study. STUDY LOCATION The study will be conducted in Anambra state. Anambra state is located in the south-east zone of Nigeria, with its state capital being Awka. On a longitude of 6 20 00N and latitude of 7 00 00E, the state has 21 Local Government areas. It has a land area of 4,416km2 and a population of 4,177,848, made of 2,117,984 males and 2,059,844 females (NPC, 2006). With a population of 473,248, Children Under -five account for about 11.35% of the Anambra state population. Onitsha North and South, Awka North and South and Nnewi North and South are all urban area in the state. Idemili, Oyi, Anaocha, Ogabru and Dunkofia are peri-urban, while the remaining Local governments are rural. With a population size of 369,972 (NPC, 2006), Aguata LGA is the 2nd largest LGA in terms of size and the largest LGA in terms of number of constituting communities 15 communities. The local government has the presence of a prison in Ekwulobia and the renowned Igbo-ukwu museum that houses artefacts and monuments from pre-colonial era. Like all other LGA in Anambra state, Aguata has its own share of ecological disasters, the most prominent being the Ekwulobia Oko erosion site. Other small-sized erosion sites abound in different communities in the LGA. The Staple food consumed here is mostly cassava and yam, eaten as fufu, garri, abacha etc. green leafy vegetables and fruits are also abundantly found. The planting season, marks the beginning of the annual year (Igu aro), and peaks during the harvest season. Map of Anambra State The study will be conducted in Uga, a town in Aguata LGA of Anambra state, in South East Nigeria. With a landmass of about 3790km2, it also has about 100,000 inhabitants. Uga shares its borders with Akokwa, Nkpologwu, Amesi, Umuchu and Ezinifite. The town is made of 4 villages namely Oka, Umueze, Umuoru and Awalasi. These villages have different clan, an average of 6 clans per villages. They include Oka, made up of Okwuowerre, Umuikpa, Umueziama, Amaeke, Okohia and Umucheke. Umueze is made of Umucheke, Ezihe, Umu-umeonye, Umudim and Umuonyike. Umoru village is made of Imishii, Umudieleke, Umuezekpoko and Umori. Awalasi village is made of Umunocha, Umuchiaku, Umuakabo, Umudim, Umuosu, Okwu, Agbako and Umuoweri. The community Uga, has 2 streams/waterbodies, namely, Obizi and Agwazi. While the former is potable and serves as a tourist site, its a taboo to fetch from the latter or visit. The population is predominantly Igbos with few settlers from other tribes. Almost every household has some form of garden or subsistence/small-scale farming; most of the food/fruits available in the market come from subsistence farming. Land tenure is mainly through inheritance and few by purchase. STUDY POPULATION Mothers with under-5 children in the study community. SAMPLE SIZE For the main study, all mothers with their youngest under-5 children in the town will be used. For the Key Informant Interview, The oldest individual in each clan will be used. A total of 24 subjects will be interviewed For the focus Group discussions, each group will have a minimum of 6 and maximum of 8 members in each of the 4 villages, comprising of both sexes. SAMPLING PROCEDURE A three-stage sampling technique will be used to select respondents/mother-child pair for the questionnaire survey. Firstly, Anambra state, will be purposively selected because food systems are eroded with language, an indicator of culture. The Igbo culture is the fastest eroding culture among all the 3 major tribes in Nigeria. Legend also has Anambra State as the origin of Igbo people in the South-Eastern part of Nigeria. Secondly, Aguata LGA with its headquarters at Ekwulobia will be purposively selected because in the local government, urban and rural communities are found. Its headquarters, Ekwulobia, serves as the entry point to numerous communities and Local Government. Its proximity to Federal Polytechnic, Oko and Federal College of Education (Technical), Umunze, makes it a key point and central access area. While the headquarters remains urban, the surrounding communities, the study area- Uga included are still rural. It will be strategic to study the effects of the spills of urban development in the dietary practice of these rural communities. Thirdly using a table of random numbers, Uga was chosen as the study area and all villages in Uga town will be used for the study. SAMPLE SELECTION SELECTION OF QUESTIONNAIRE RESPONDENTS All the women living in the community with a child under-five years of age who consent to participate will be included in the study. Already participating women will also be asked for referrals of other mother-child pair. SELECTION OF FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION Using the help of research assistants, through non-probability sampling, 6-8 males and females aged 60 and above will be selected from each village and used for the focus group discussion. SELECTION OF KEY INFORMANT INTERVIEW the oldest person in each clan/village irrespective of gender will be used in Key Informant Interview. The individuals must be mentally acute despite disabilities/ infamy. MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENT Food/Market Survey Questionnaire Focus Group discussion guide Key informant interview guide FAOs 16-item Individual Dietary Diversity Questionnaire for mothers and children aged 36-59 months Demographic Health Surveys 21-item Dietary Diversity Questionnaire for children Under 36 months Socio-demographic characteristics questionnaire for the mother. USIAD/FAOs 3-item Household Hunger Scale Food Frequency Questionnaire VARIABLES Socio-demographic characteristics Mothers DDS before the intervention Childs DDS before the intervention Mothers DDS after the intervention Childs DDS after the intervention HFIAS Score Nutritional status of child Nutritional status of mother Family dynamics and household characteristics Food Variety Score (FVS) Pattern of consumption COMMUNITY ENTRY Entry will be done through the different religious bodies (Christianity and traditional) and the community leaders. The community leaders include Uga Town Union, the Igwe and his council and also the individual village unions. They will be acquainted with the different objectives of the study and its advantages for the community members. They will also be requested to disseminate the information to the community members to get their cooperation. DATA COLLECTION Quantitative questionnaires will be used to collect baseline information from the communities. The questionnaires will be administered by twenty four (24) fieldworkers (research assistants). The research assistants will be selected one from each clan with at least a secondary school education. All of them will speak English and the local Igbo dialect of the community fluently. The research assistants will be carefully trained by the researcher. The study objectives, methods and questionnaires will be discussed with special emphasis on interpretation of result, Dietary Diversity Score (DDS) and nutritional status. Proficiency of the research assistants will be verified through role play and pre-testing. The research assistant will be supervised by the lead researcher through field monitoring to check quality. The Key Informant Interview (KII) and Focus Group Discussions will be conducted by the lead researcher and a note taker using the KII and FGD guides. The interview will be recorded, with the permission of the subjects. BASELINE As a means of assessing the current situation, baseline information of the study communities will be conducted. For this phase of the study a short food identification questionnaire, Appendix A will be used to document all foods encountered in the native nearby Igbo markets. Any new food and fruit type (species) or variety will be photographed with a digital camera and information about it will be gathered. Information to be gathered include trade name, local name, name of market sold, source of food/fruit, type of buyers, season when available and (recipe). Scientific and family name will be added following correct identification through books, internet and knowledgeable people in relevant departments of the University of Ibadan. All food items encountered will be classified into food groups. Since dietary diversity involves biodiversity food of plant and animal origin, aquatic and forest resources also found will be documented. MARKET SURVEY The market survey will be conducted on the 4 native Igbo market days Eke, Orie, Afor and Nkwo. Each communitys market operates on a given market day, example, Orie for Uga community, Nkwo for Umuchu community etc. A market survey of proximal markets to the study area will also be conducted. They include Orie-Uga, Nkwo-Uchu and Eke-Ekwulobia. These 3 markets fall on different Igbo market days (Orie, Nkwo, Eke), leaving out only one market day, Afor. Focus Group Discussions (FGD) and key-informant interviews (KII) will be carried out for foods not sold in the market, but consumed in the community. FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION Focus groups discussions will be facilitated in (different churches) each village to be used in the study by the lead researcher with a note-taker present. The use of FGD guide Appendix B will be employed and also a camcorder for recording and camera for photographs. Each FGD will have a minimum of 6 members and a maximum of 8 members. The purpose of the FGD is to learn about foods that are underutilised in the environment. The discussion will be conducted in native Igbo language dialect of the community. KEY INFORMANT INTERVIEWS The KII guide Appendix C will be used to conduct the KII. Respondents will be asked foods, farming systems and varieties of foods that are currently underutilised. They will also be asked about the source, harvest season, recipe of those foods and use. The interview will be conducted in the native Igbo language dialect. ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS Baseline anthropometric measurements will be taken of the mother (BMI) and child (Stunting, Wasting and Underweight). For the weights, electronic scales will be used. CHILDREN For children 0 to 23 months, their weights will be taken using the children weighing scale. Children 24 to 59 months and all mothers will be weighed using the electronic scale, after they have emptied their bladder. All weights will be measured to the nearest 0.1kg. For all weight measurements, the balance will be placed on a level hard surface and adjusted to zero balance before measurement. The subject will stand in the centre of the scale and looking straight. Light clothing will be advised in the absence of nudity. For the heights, children and infants less than 85cm will have recumbent length measured using a wooden measuring board (WHO, 1995). The infants heels will touch against the footboard, shoulders touching the baseboard and the crown of head touching headboard. Stadiometer will be used for children longer than 85cm. The subject will stand straight, looking ahead with the head, shoulder blades, buttocks and heels touching the plane. For weight-for-age and height-for-age, exact date of birth will be used. WHO Anthro v3.2.2 will be used to calculate weight-for-age, height-for-age and weight-for-height. The WHO standard Z-scores will be used. MOTHERS Body Mass Index (BMI) also called Quetelets Index calculated as weight (kg)/height (m2) will be used to assess the nutritional status of the mothers. The weights will be measured using the electronic scale, after they have emptied their bladder with the scale on a hard surface and adjusted to zero balance. The mothers heights will be measured with a Stadiometer. The subject will stand straight, looking ahead with the head, shoulder blades, buttocks and heels touching the plane. The classification of mothers BMI will be according to WHOs recommendation (2000) as shown below Classification BMI (kg/m2) Underweight Normal range 18.50 24.99 Overweight >= 25.00 Pre-obese 25.00 29.99 Obese I 30.00 34.99 Obese II 35.00 39.99 Obese III >= 40.00 HOUSEHOLD HUNGER SCALE (HHS) Food Insecurity Score (FIS) will be found using the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS), Appendix G. The HFIAS is 9-item access and frequency-of-occurrence instrument developed by USAID and FAO, with a recall of 4 weeks/30 days/1 month. The general occurrence questions cover domains that include anxiety about household food supply, variety and preferences of type of food and insufficient food intake and physical consequences. If the access question occurs, then the frequency of the domain question is asked and coded as often, sometimes and rarely. The maximum HFIAS for a household is 27, i.e., a situation where frequency of occurrence of all questions is often (3) and the least HFIAS is (0). The higher the HFIAS, the higher the food insecurity; the lesser the HFIAS, the lesser the food insecurity. DIETARY DIVERSITY Dietary diversity of mother and child will be assessed. The interview will be conducted on an Eke day, which is not preceded by a weekend. This is necessary as Eke day precedes an Orie day, which is the market day and dietary habits are synonymous with festive day. Also, Eke day is the only day without a proximal market to the community. MOTHER The 16-item FAOs Dietary Diversity Questionnaire, Appendix D will be used from which Individual Dietary Diversity Score (IDDS) for the mothers will be calculated. The food groups include cereals, vitamin A rich vegetables and tubers, white tubers and roots, dark green vegetables, other vegetable, vitamin A rich fruits, other fruits, organ meat(iron-rich), flesh meats, eggs, fish, legumes, nuts and seeds, milk and milk products, oils and fat, sweets and coffee/tea. To calculate Individual dietary diversity score (IDDS), the last two items sweets and coffee/tea are left out, while the others items each has a point. The mean IDDS, percentage consuming each food group and terciles as a measure of distribution of scores will be calculated. The Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ), Appendix H, will be used to calculate the Food Variety Score (FVS) and the consumption patterns of the mothers. Different varieties of food will be listed and scored. Their consumption will be noted as never, once a month, more than once a month, once a week, more than once a week, everyday and more than once everyday. CHILDREN For children more than 3 years, as with the mothers, FAOs 16-item individual dietary diversity questionnaire, Appendix D will be used, for foods eaten in the last 24 hour. The food groups include cereals, vitamin A rich vegetables and tubers, white tubers and roots, dark green vegetables, other vegetable, vitamin A rich fruits, other fruits, organ meat(iron-rich), flesh meats, eggs, fish, legumes, nuts and seeds, milk and milk products, oils and fat, sweets and coffee/tea. To calculate Individual dietary diversity score (IDDS), the last two items sweets and coffee/tea are left out, while the others items each has a point. The 21-item dietary diversity questionnaire, Appendix E, used in Demographic Health Surveys (DHS) will be used for children less than 3 years. The items on the questionnaire range from water, breastmilk, infant formula, green leafy vegetables, organ meats, fish etc. The IDDS will be calculated over 21 items. The mean IDDS, percentage consuming each food group and terciles as a measure of distribution of scores will be calculated. SOCIO DEMOGRAPHY Socio-demographic characteristics of the household will be collected, using Appendix F. Demographic characteristics of the mother will include Education, Age at marriage, current age, Childs date of birth, marital status, parity, religion. Economic information will include job, monthly earning, Access to farm, livestock ownership, food access market or farm production. Household details will also be collected, and they include type of household nuclear or extended, number of dependents in the family, number of household members, source of income and total household income. CLASSIFICATION OF UNDERUTILIZED SPECIES Underutilized and neglected food species and groups will be identified from the Dietary Diversity Questionnaire in comparison with the market research earlier carried out. MAPPING The map of the town Uga, will be digitized, using the nutritional status and dietary diversity. This will help monitor trends in nutritional status and DDS. DATA PROCESSING Data entry, computation and analysis will be done with SPSS v 17. Quality will be ensured through quality checks associated with data entry processes, double entry and further data cleaning through generation of descriptive analysis after data entry. DATA ANALYSIS Characteristics of the sample average mothers age, average childs age, mothers education, parity, occupation of mother, average household income, average DDS. Prevalence of malnutrition will also be assessed, stunting, wasting and underweight of the children and BMI of the mother. This will be done through Frequency distributions for qualitative variables and descriptive analysis for quantitative variable. DDS and nutritional status of mother (BMI) through cross-tabulation DDS and nutritional status of child (Stunting, wasting and underweight) through cross-tabulation with each indices. HFIAS and nutritional status of mother HFIAS and nutritional status of child Nutritional status of mother and nutritional status of child through cross-tabulation of mothers status with each individual nutritional index. Effect of socio-demographic, household characteristics and economic differentials on DDS and anthropometric measurements. A model for interactions of quantitative will be generated linear and logistic regression, the MIXED procedure for quantitative response variables (BMI and DDS) and the GLIMMIX procedure for dichotomous response variables. INTERVENTION Nutrition Education will be conducted in different ways to enhance the consumption of underutilised foods. Underutilized food/fruits/species that has been thus categorised will be promoted through nutrition education. A food/fruit/specie will be said to be underutilized if it is readily available in the environment but its consumption is low. Firstly, food and nutrient information of underutilized foods will be sent to the phones of mothers as a daily SMS in the native Igbo dialect for 30 days. A single food/fruit will be highlighted each day, including the different ways in which it can be consumed. Recipes will also be included, to enable the mothers attempt otherwise new foods. Using mass media e.g. posters, handbills and stickers, general awareness will be created on the underutilised foods in the town. The posters and stickers will be distributed on the towns market day Oye-Uga and at the different religious places in the town. Copies will also be made available to the participating women. Face -to -face nutrition discussion will be held for mothers in the clan with the lowest Dietary Diversity Score that correlates with low nutritional status of the Mother-Child pair. It will be held in the village hall, assessable to everybody. The discussion will seek to bring to the fore the underutilized food in the community, and the different recipes for preparation of the foods. ENDLINE/EVALUATION The IDDS of both mother child pair will be assessed again to calculate the post-intervention practise. This will help ascertain if the intervention impacted knowledge to the mother as evidenced by the post-intervention IDDS. ETHICAL CONSIDERATION Ethical clearance will be sort from the Health Ethical Review Committee (HREC) of the University College Hospital (UCH) Ibadan. EXPECTED OUTCOME It is expected that at the end of the study, adequate knowledge on importance of dietary diversity will be garnered by the mothers and visible in their feeding practice, of both themselves and their children. TIMELINE FOR THE STUDY Week 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Activity/Month Month 1 Month 2 Month 3 Community Entry Recruitment of Research Assistants and Training Market Survey Key Informant Interview Focus Group Discussion Administration of Questionnaire Analysis of Baseline Data Intervention Collection of Endline Data Analysis of Endline Data BUDGET